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太阳系中七个迷人而危险的殖民地：火星和地球是可比的_我的网站

A |     The UN General Assembly in New York is meeting Tuesday to discuss ways to make the Security Council more representative and equitable.,The meeting, convened by General Assembly President Abdulla Shahid in a letter dated July 7, is tasked with deliberating the “question of equitable representation and an increase in the membership of the Security Council and other matters related to the Security Council.” Sahid is expected to present a draft oral decision “following consultations” with General Assembly members.,A draft presented on the UN’s website reaffirms “the central role of the General Assembly concerning the question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council,” and expresses “the commitment of heads of state and government representing the peoples of the world to instill new life in the discussions on the reform of the Security Council.”,The draft proposes the continuation of “intergovernmental negotiations on Security Council reform” at the upcoming 77th General Assembly in September, including the creation of an “open-ended working group” to discuss the matter.,Background,Created as part of the United Nations after the end of the Second World War, the Security Council consists of the world’s five major nuclear powers (Russia, China, the United States, France, and Britain) and 10 rotating non-permanent members. Collectively, their main goal is the maintenance of international peace and security.,A key difference between the UN and its Security Council and the League of Nations – the defunct intergovernmental organization formed in the aftermath of the First World War, is the inclusion in the former of the right for each permanent member to veto substantive resolutions made by other members, such as accepting new members into the UN, or authorizing the use of force against another country.,The veto concept was a hard-fought victory of the Soviet delegation at the San Francisco conference on the UN’s formation. Moscow argued for the right of veto to prevent one or more major powers from ganging up on others to pursue national geopolitical, economic, or military interests at the expense of others using the UN platform to provide such actions with legitimacy.,The veto principle enabled the Security Council and the UN generally to the survive multiple international crises, both during the Cold War and in the three decades after 1991, and ensured that the UN did not collapse, as its League of Nations predecessor did, in times of crisis.,Putin on 75th Anniversary of WWII: Shared Responsibility to History and Future18 June 2020, 19:47 GMT,Why Reform Now?,The Security Council underwent two major reforms: in 1965, when the original non-permanent membership was increased from six to ten to account for the emergence of new countries in the Global South after the collapse of European colonial empires, and in 1971, when the US dropped its veto to allow the People’s Republic of China to take up its rightful seat at the Security Council, replacing Taiwan.,Discussions on reforming the Security Council began anew in the early 1990s, as the United States and its allies, convinced of their triumph and status as leaders of a new global order following the collapse of the USSR, began discussing the "end of history" and conceptualizing ways to make the 21st century an “American century.” On the other side of the debate, rising powers from the Third World began pushing to reform the UN to make it more representative of their interests.,In 2005, rising economic giants India and Brazil, as well as Germany and Japan, the defeated Axis powers, formed the so-called G4 group of nations to support one another’s push for permanent Security Council membership. In 2005, then-UN Secretary General Kofi Annan put forward a proposal to expand the council to 24 members, either by creating six new permanent members and three new non-permanent ones, or eight new non-permanent members of a new class of rotating members and one additional non-permanent seat. In 2017, the G4 announced their readiness to temporarily accept non-veto wielding status to become permanent Security Council members.,Opponents of reforming the Security Council have made arguments on the basis of perceived balance of power-related concerns, such as Pakistan opposing India’s permanent membership, or Spain and Italy opposing German membership, South Korea opposing Japanese membership, and major Latin American powers like Argentina, Mexico, and Colombia opposing Brazil’s membership. Other rising powers, such as Turkey, have argued in favor of the Security Council’s expansion to better represent Asian, Latin American, and African countries.,Moscow has paid a heavy price for its permanent membership in the Security Council, first through its central role in defeating Nazi Germany and Japan during the Second World War, and then in 1991, by taking upon itself the entirety of the USSR’s $66 billion perestroika-era debt after the country’s collapse. But Russia has also expressed support for reforming the body to better represent developing nations, particularly India and Brazil, as well as a candidate from Africa. At BRICS summits in 2021 and 2022, Russia and China reiterated their continued support for improving the BRICS’ status at the UN, including via a comprehensive reform of the Security Council.,Iran Asks to Join BRICS27 June, 17:19 GMT,In recent months, these calls have grown louder, with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov indicating in April that countries from the Global South would be an excellent way to curb the “unilateralism” of the West at the UN.,Last week, Russian Ambassador to China Andrei Denisov reaffirmed Russia’s readiness to discuss the expansion of the Security Council to provide membership to India and Brazil, but not US allies Germany and Japan.,“Russia is calling for the expansion of the UN Security Council based on a broad consensus. It requires increasing the proportionate share of African, Asian and Latin American countries for the UN Security Council to be able to reflect the aspirations of people around the world and be a more democratic body,” Denisov said, speaking at the World Peace Forum in Beijing on July 4.,“At the same time, I would like to be frank – we aren’t ready to support the accession of actors such as Germany and Japan. We don’t see any added value from their potential accession. Given the current balance on the Council – or imbalance, I should say, the membership of the two aforementioned candidates is unlikely to strengthen it, rather it will make the imbalance even more striking,” the diplomat stressed.,An Idea Whose Time Has Come?,“It appears that all nations are aware that the UNSC must become more inclusive and representative of the reality of today’s world,” says Paolo Raffone, director of the CIPI Foundation, a Brussels-based think tank.,According to the observer, apart from the 1971 modification of the Council to reflect China taking over Taiwan’s seat, the UNSC of today still largely “reflects the world of 1945.”,“For many years the UNSC has been blocked by cross-veto proceedings, affecting stability and peace in the world. Unblocking the UNSC is the most urgent need for all nations wishing for the effectiveness of a rule-based international systems,” Raffone argues.,Raffone favors adding BRICS countries into the mix, pointing to their collective status representing “the largest share of world population, land and [purchasing power parity],” as well as “spectacular” economic growth over the past two decades. “Their inclusion in the UNSC would certainly strive to keep globalization alive under new rules and governance,” and reduce problems such as lack of democracy, poor geographical representation, and “lack of legitimacy for ensuring global governance” of the current body, he believes.,The observer emphasizes, however, that for any reform initiative to succeed, two-thirds of the UN’s member states would have vote for and ratify it, with every permanent member of the Security Council also needing to agree – no easy task to pull off.,EXCLUSIVE: New Delhi Does Not Support Attempts to Isolate Russia, Says Russian Ambassador to India5 July, 10:29 GMT,New Multipolar World Order,“The enlargement of the UN Security Council would formally certify, on the international level, the transition from US unipolarism to the new multipolar architecture. It would be an epochal event!” says Tiberio Graziani, chairman of Vision & Global Trends: International Institute for Global Analyses, an Italy-based international affairs think tank.,Graziani is convinced that the benefits from the body’s expansion would be multifold, including rebalancing power in international organizations “hitherto essentially ‘Westernist’” and “hegemonized” by the West. “Above all,” he says, “enlargement would be essential to ensure greater stability” in the “turbulent geopolitical and geo-economic transition” that the present moment represents.,The observer stresses that any reforms would need to be gradual to prevent an institutional crisis, but admits that “some reforms must be radical,” given the organization’s dominance by Western powers.,Like Raffone, Graziani supports the increased visibility of BRICS nations in the body, citing their outsized significance to global security and the economy and underrepresentation in this sense.,“At the moment we are in a particular situation: on the one hand there is the West led by the United States and the British which constitutes a conservative pole that aims to maintain a hegemonic role on a planetary level, on the other hand there is a set of nations (basically the BRICS countries) which demand a greater presence in global decisions. Within the framework of the UN, the contribution of the BRICS countries would be fundamental since it would guarantee a balance that has not been there so far,” Graziani believes.,The observer stresses that there simply is no alternative to the UN’s authority in international affairs, and that subsequently, “a new, more balanced (multipolar) international forum needs to be set up” in the present situation.。在美国戏剧《广袤》中，人类把天线延伸到太阳系的大部分地区。火星和地球成了针锋相对的对手，而谷神星的定居者则在他们之间徘徊。

B | 一些公司甚至在太阳系的外围地区有定居者。

C | 你不一定想生活在这样的世界里，但毫无疑问，这个环境足够迷人。对于许多渴望漫游太阳系边界的人来说，这些场景就像梦想成真一样。

D | 然而，在现实中，有许多事情比电视连续剧描述的更加危险。

E | 即使你成功地穿透了星际辐射，你仍然面临许多威胁；而且，致命的危险不会在你降落到行星上后立即消失。

F | 在太阳系的一些地方，你的殖民梦想可能会实现，但你的努力最终可能会变成一场噩梦。月亮离我们非常近，非常近，我们已经踏上了那里。然而，在阿波罗号宇航员穿着沾满灰尘的宇航服返回地球后，每个登月者都有同样的症状：打喷嚏、喘息、喉咙痛和鼻塞。他们似乎对月球过敏。根据欧洲航天局（ESA）最近发布的一份新闻稿，阿波罗17号的宇航员哈里森·施密特称这种现象为“月球花粉热”。据欧洲航天局称，硅酸盐是导致这些症状的主要原因。地球上的火山灰也含有硅酸盐化合物，这些物质会引起这些症状，而月球表面充满了这些物质。然而，由于月球表面没有氧气，表面的硅酸盐不会风化，使它们比地球上类似的化合物更危险：它们更容易进入人体肺部并造成损害。此外，这些物质不仅会对宇航员造成身体伤害，还会磨损他们的仪器和宇航服。

G | 所以想一想：每天被这些讨厌的硅酸盐包围的经历是什么？你会发现它们无处不在，你的身体，你的设备，你的宇航服…你吸入的硅酸盐越来越多，慢慢地，但肯定。石英矿工人有时会患硅肺，这是一种可以导致长期肺损伤的疾病。

H | 在某些情况下，病人会死于并发症。

I | Mars是正确的。火星上有水。这颗红色星球的一些斜坡上出现了奇怪的“间歇性条纹”，有些人认为这是水流的证据。然而，这些类似沟壑的特征实际上是少量水和大量高氯酸盐的混合物。这实际上相当危险。高氯酸盐对人体有剧毒。这就是为什么工业场地最终被列入环保署有毒废物处理场污染清理基金名单的原因之一。我们日常使用的食盐氯化钠是一种无毒物质，但高氯酸盐含有氧和氯，是一种有毒的化学物质。高氯酸盐能损害甲状腺功能，减少骨髓生成，损害肺组织。高氯酸盐也很容易进入饮用水和食物中，如果你想在火星土壤中种植土豆，这是很糟糕的。

J | 暴露在类似火星的环境中的微生物，包括含有高氯酸盐的土壤，会很快死亡。另一方面，阳光似乎催化了高氯酸盐反应。

K | 换句话说，即使在含氧环境中，它们也可能成为一种环境危害。高氯酸盐可以通过多种方式进入你的生命维持系统。由于缺乏磁场和稀薄的大气层，火星暴露在非常强烈的辐射下，这也是一个非常严重的风险。

L | 高氯酸盐可能导致因甲状腺功能不全导致的首例死亡，而甲状腺功能不全会导致弥漫性中毒性甲状腺肿等疾病。欧罗巴也叫欧罗巴。这是一个巨大的海洋世界，等待着我们找到生命。在厚厚的表面冰下，似乎有一切适合生命的条件。问题在于木卫二的位置：稳定地处于木星的辐射带中。木卫一和木卫二都受到致命剂量的辐射。未来的欧罗巴快船任务甚至避免了绕欧罗巴轨道飞行以延长探测器的寿命。如果你降落在欧罗巴的表面，辐射会在几天内杀死你和其他生物。

M | 然而，欧罗巴的冰层足够厚来保护下面的生命，但我们从来没有机会向他们问好。也许这就是为什么人类最远的探险计划试图登陆欧罗巴，也就是卡利斯托。木卫三是木星四颗大卫星中最外层的一颗，它受木星磁层的影响可以忽略不计。泰坦，也被称为泰坦，是一个非常有吸引力的地方。这颗土星卫星，大约有一颗行星那么大，看起来非常像早期的地球。

N | 它有一个非常厚的大气层，这是已知的唯一一个拥有如此厚大气层的卫星，还有大量的液态湖泊和海洋。然而，这些液体实际上是碳氢化合物。水在哪里？如果你能降落在泰坦的表面，你会发现周围的水已经变成了“石头”——由于极低的温度而冻结的固体。此外，从泰坦上落下的雨滴实际上是类似汽油的化学物质。虽然泰坦的大气压力比地球高，但碳氢化合物湖实际上太浅，不能真正在里面游泳。

o | 此外，地球到处都是泥。但是从泰坦的表面往下挖掘，你可能会发现一个水的次表面海洋。这意味着泰坦有两个大洋，一个在地表，一个在地下深处。这可能意味着泰坦有两个生物圈。理论上，氰化乙烯作为一种特殊的氮基细胞壁生物形态存在于烃湖中。泰坦不会像火星或月球那样以特定的方式杀死你，但它不是你想呆的地方。没有太多的资源可以生存下去，除非你在地下深处挖掘，或者用碳氢化合物作为燃料，为你的下一个星球之旅充电。现在，最好用机器人来探测。

p | 1971年6月，苏联11号在成为第一艘成功与空间站对接的航天器后，与三名宇航员返回地球。然而，令苏联航天局救援人员惊恐的是，他们发现三名宇航员在太空舱中死亡。医生的抢救没有起作用，进一步的检查显示，他们以前曾在太空中暴露在真空中。没有宇航员会以正常的心态走出气闸。三位联盟11号宇航员的经历很好地说明了暴露在太空中的后果。不，你不会爆炸的。相反，你很快就会失去肺部的空气，导致窒息。这些宇航员的官方死因是脑出血，因为他们的内部系统迅速缺氧。他们也不会立即死亡，也许在他们死前有一分钟左右的恐慌，伴随着非常高的乳酸水平（与压力有关）。事故发生后，宇航员穿着加压服返回。

q | 尽管其他宇航员在执行任务时死亡，但联盟11号仍然是唯一一个由于暴露在太空真空中而死亡的案例。所以，当你探索太阳系的其他部分时，一定要保证航天器一路绝对密封。土卫二也被称为内克拉斯。

r | 这是一个水资源丰富的星球，水是生命出现的必要条件。最大的障碍是重力。如果发生在恩克拉多斯的话，一次普通的地球跳跃大约需要3.5米。

s | 在南极洲土卫二可以进入其冰下海洋的地方，羽流可以在161米的高度喷射，喷射速度可以高达每小时2100公里。那么，是什么造成了这些猛烈的喷射呢？来自土星的潮汐力。在潮汐力的作用下，泰坦冰下的海洋将形成非常强烈的波浪。想象一下，在这些汹涌的水流中驾驶潜艇，不被水流困住，然后喷射到空中，然后重重地落在冰的表面，需要什么？这可能是充电的好地方，但可能不适合居住。

t | 谷神星曾经是一个冰冻的水世界，只有少量的液态水散布在行星表面。现在它更像一个覆盖着薄尘埃的冰冻矮行星。盐沉积物存在于一些金属陶瓷的液态海洋中。与火星上的有毒高氯酸盐不同，这些金属陶瓷沉积物是硫酸镁。

u | 对人类来说，这种化合物是完全无毒的。您可能在外用硫酸镁粉末来缓解肿胀，或者您可能服用过硫酸镁制成的盐。与科幻电影中的场景相比，小行星带中的物体实际上更分散。虽然谷神星表面一定经历了很多碰撞，但实际上，小行星带中的大多数小行星现在平均相距94万公里。当然，缺乏大气和磁场会直接暴露在宇宙辐射的威胁之下，宇宙辐射也是月球和火星上的一个问题。谷神星上的大多数“大气巢穴”寿命较短，周围环绕着升华的冰。然而，也许最大的挑战是谷神星上大量的氨。氨的危害可能比前面讨论过的其他威胁要小，但很难将氨与水分离，暴露在氨中会损坏您的呼吸系统。

v | 因此，尽管谷神星可能对人类不那么友好，但它肯定不像火星或月球上那样致命。

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